China yakhala mphamvu yapadziko lonse lapansi, koma pali mkangano wochepa wokhudza momwe zidachitikira komanso tanthauzo lake.Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti China ikutumiza njira zake zachitukuko ndikukakamiza mayiko ena.Koma makampani aku China akukulitsanso kupezeka kwawo pogwirizana ndi osewera am'deralo ndi mabungwe, kusintha ndi kutengera mitundu, miyambo ndi machitidwe akumaloko ndi azikhalidwe.
Chifukwa cha zaka zambiri za ndalama zowolowa manja kuchokera ku Ford Carnegie Foundation, ikugwira ntchito m'madera asanu ndi awiri a dziko lapansi-Africa, Central Asia, Latin America, Middle East ndi North Africa, Pacific, South Asia, ndi Southeast Asia.Kupyolera mu kafukufuku wophatikizika ndi misonkhano yokonzekera bwino, polojekitiyi ikuyang'ana zochitika zovutazi, kuphatikizapo momwe makampani aku China akusinthira malamulo ogwira ntchito ku Latin America, komanso momwe mabanki aku China ndi ndalama zikufufuza ndalama zachisilamu ndi ngongole ku Southeast Asia ndi Central Asia. .Ochita masewero a Kum'mawa, ndi a ku China amathandiza ogwira ntchito m'deralo kupititsa patsogolo luso lawo ku Central Asia.Njira zosinthira izi zaku China, zomwe zimagwirizana ndikugwira ntchito zenizeni zakumaloko, zimanyalanyazidwa makamaka ndi ndale zaku Western.
Pamapeto pake, polojekitiyi ikufuna kukulitsa kumvetsetsa ndikukambirana za gawo la China padziko lapansi ndikupanga malingaliro andale.Izi zitha kulola ochita masewerawa kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu zaku China kuti zithandizire madera ndi chuma chawo, kupereka maphunziro kumayiko aku Western padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene, kuthandiza andale aku China kuphunzira kuchokera ku maphunziro osiyanasiyana ochokera ku China, ndipo mwina kuchepetsa kukangana.
Zokambirana zamalonda pakati pa Benin ndi China zikuwonetsa momwe mbali zonse ziwiri zingayendetsere kayendetsedwe ka bizinesi ku China ndi Africa.Ku Benin, akuluakulu aku China ndi akumaloko adakambirana kwanthawi yayitali pa mgwirizano wokhazikitsa malo azamalonda omwe cholinga chake ndi kukulitsa ubale wamalonda pakati pa amalonda aku China ndi Benin.Mwanjira yomwe ili ku Cotonou, mzinda waukulu wachuma wa Benin, likululi likufuna kulimbikitsa ndalama ndi bizinesi yogulitsa, kukhala likulu la ubale wamalonda waku China osati ku Benin kokha, komanso kumadera akumadzulo kwa Africa, makamaka m'chigawo chachikulu komanso kukula. msika wapafupi wa Nigeria.
Nkhaniyi imachokera ku kafukufuku woyambirira ndi ntchito zomwe zachitika ku Benin kuyambira 2015 mpaka 2021, komanso zolemba ndi mapangano omaliza omwe adakambitsirana ndi olemba, kulola kusanthula kofananira kwamawu, komanso zoyankhulana zisanachitike komanso kutsatira.-pamwamba.Zokambirana ndi otsogolera otsogolera, amalonda aku Beninese komanso ophunzira omwe kale anali aku Beninese ku China.Chikalatachi chikuwonetsa momwe akuluakulu aku China ndi Benin adakambitsirana za kukhazikitsidwa kwa malowa, makamaka momwe akuluakulu aboma aku Benin adasinthira okambirana aku China kuti azigwira ntchito ku Benin, ntchito yomanga ndi malamulo komanso kukakamiza anzawo aku China.
Njira imeneyi inatanthauza kuti kukambirana kunatenga nthawi yaitali kuposa nthawi zonse.Mgwirizano wapakati pa China ndi Africa nthawi zambiri umadziwika ndi zokambirana zofulumira, njira yomwe yatsimikizira kuti nthawi zina imakhala yovulaza chifukwa imatha kubweretsa zinthu zosadziwika bwino komanso zopanda chilungamo mu mgwirizano womaliza.Zokambirana ku Benin China Business Center ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha momwe ogwirizanirana bwino angatengere nthawi kuti agwire ntchito mogwirizana ndi madipatimenti osiyanasiyana a boma ndipo angathandize kukwaniritsa zotsatira zabwino pokhudzana ndi zomangamanga zapamwamba komanso kutsata nyumba zomwe zilipo, ntchito, chilengedwe. ndi malamulo abizinesi.ndikusunga ubale wabwino pakati pa mayiko awiriwa ndi China.
Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi maubwenzi amalonda pakati pa anthu osagwirizana ndi boma la China ndi Africa, monga amalonda, amalonda ndi amalonda, nthawi zambiri amayang'ana momwe makampani aku China ndi anthu osamukira kumayiko ena amalowetsa katundu ndi katundu ndikupikisana ndi mabizinesi aku Africa.Koma pali "mgwirizano" wa maubwenzi amalonda a Sino-Africa chifukwa, monga momwe Giles Mohan ndi Ben Lambert ananenera, "maboma ambiri a ku Africa amaona kuti China ndi bwenzi lomwe lingathe kuchita nawo chitukuko cha zachuma ndi kuvomerezeka kwa boma.yang'anani dziko la China ngati gwero lothandiza pa chitukuko cha anthu ndi mabizinesi.”1 Kupezeka kwa katundu wa China ku Africa kukuchulukiranso, mwina chifukwa chakuti amalonda aku Africa amagula katundu kuchokera ku China zomwe zimagulitsidwa kumayiko aku Africa.
Ubale wamalonda umenewu, makamaka m’dziko la West Africa la Benin, ndi wophunzitsa kwambiri.M'katikati mwa zaka za m'ma 2000, akuluakulu a boma ku China ndi Benin adakambirana za kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo azachuma ndi chitukuko (komweko amadziwika kuti malo amalonda) omwe cholinga chake chinali kupanga mgwirizano wa zachuma ndi zamalonda pakati pa magulu awiriwa popereka ntchito zosiyanasiyana zothandizira malonda, ntchito. .chitukuko ndi ntchito zina zogwirizana.Center ikufunanso kuthandizira kukhazikitsa ubale wamabizinesi pakati pa Benin ndi China, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osakhazikika kapena osakhazikika.Zomwe zili ku Cotonou, likulu lazachuma la Benin, pafupi ndi doko lalikulu la mzindawo, likululi likufuna kutumikira mabizinesi aku China ku Benin komanso ku West Africa, makamaka pamsika waukulu komanso womwe ukukula wamayiko oyandikana nawo.Kulimbikitsa kukula kwa ndalama ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono.ku Nigeria.
Lipotili likuwunika momwe akuluakulu aku China ndi Benin adakambitsirana za kutsegulidwa kwa Center ndipo, makamaka, momwe akuluakulu a boma la Benin adasinthira okambirana aku China kuti azigwira ntchito, zomangamanga, malamulo ndi malamulo aku Benin.Okambirana ku China akukhulupirira kuti zokambirana zazitali kuposa zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse zimalola akuluakulu a Benin kuti azitsatira malamulo bwino.Kusanthula uku kumayang'ana momwe zokambirana zotere zimagwirira ntchito mdziko lenileni, pomwe anthu aku Africa sakhala ndi ufulu wambiri wosankha, komanso amawagwiritsa ntchito kuti akhale ndi chikoka chachikulu, ngakhale asymmetry mu ubale ndi China.
Atsogoleri abizinesi aku Africa akutenga gawo lalikulu pakukulitsa ndikukulitsa ubale wachuma pakati pa Benin ndi China, kuwonetsetsa kuti makampani aku China si okhawo omwe apindula ndikuchita nawo gawo pa kontinenti.Mlandu wa likulu la bizinesi ili umapereka maphunziro ofunikira kwa omwe akukambirana nawo aku Africa omwe akukambirana nawo zamalonda ndi zomangamanga zokhudzana ndi China.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, malonda ndi malonda akuyenda pakati pa Africa ndi China awonjezeka kwambiri.Kuyambira 2009, China yakhala ikuchita nawo malonda akulu kwambiri ku Africa.3 Malinga ndi lipoti laposachedwa kwambiri la Global Investment Report la United Nations (UN) Conference on Trade and Development, China ndiye Investor wachinayi ku Africa (motengera FDI) pambuyo pa Netherlands, UK ndi France mu 20194. $ 35 biliyoni mu 2019. mpaka $44 biliyoni mu 2019. 5
Komabe, kuchulukiraku muzamalonda ndi kayendetsedwe kazachuma sikukuwonetsa kukula, mphamvu ndi liwiro la kukulitsa ubale wachuma pakati pa China ndi Africa.Izi zili choncho chifukwa maboma ndi mabizinesi aboma (SOEs), omwe nthawi zambiri amalandira chidwi chosagwirizana ndi atolankhani, si osewera okha omwe amayendetsa izi.M'malo mwake, osewera omwe akuchulukirachulukira mu ubale wamabizinesi a Sino-Africa akuphatikiza osewera ambiri aku China ndi aku Africa, makamaka ma SME.Amagwira ntchito muzachuma chokhazikika komanso m'malo osakhazikika kapena osakhazikika.Chimodzi mwazolinga zokhazikitsa malo abizinesi aboma ndikuwongolera ndikuwongolera ubale wamabizinesi.
Monga maiko ena ambiri aku Africa, chuma cha Benin chimadziwika ndi gawo lolimba losakhazikika.Pofika m’chaka cha 2014, pafupifupi anthu 8 mwa antchito 10 alionse a m’madera a kum’mwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara mu Africa “anali pantchito zosoŵa,” malinga ndi kunena kwa bungwe la International Labor Organization.6 Komabe, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa bungwe la International Monetary Fund (IMF), ntchito zachuma zosakhazikika zimakonda kuchepetsa misonkho m’maiko otukuka kumene, omwe ambiri amafunikira maziko okhazikika amisonkho.Izi zikusonyeza kuti maboma a mayikowa ali ndi chidwi choyezera kuchuluka kwa ntchito zachuma zomwe sizinachitike mwamwayi komanso kuphunzira momwe angasamutsire zopanga kuchokera kumagulu osakhazikika kupita kugulu lokhazikika.7 Pomaliza, otenga nawo gawo pazachuma chokhazikika komanso chosakhazikika akukulitsa ubale wamalonda pakati pa Africa ndi China.Kungophatikizirapo ntchito ya boma sikumalongosola ndandanda iyi.
Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera pa mabizinesi akuluakulu aboma aku China omwe akugwira ntchito ku Africa kumadera osiyanasiyana kuyambira pakumanga ndi mphamvu mpaka ulimi ndi mafuta ndi gasi, palinso ena ambiri omwe amathandizira.Ma SOE akuchigawo cha China nawonso ndi chifukwa, ngakhale alibe mwayi ndi zokonda zofanana ndi ma SOE akuluakulu omwe ali pansi paulamuliro wa akuluakulu apakati ku Beijing, makamaka State Council Commission for Supervision and Management of State Assets.Komabe, osewera azigawowa akuchulukirachulukira pamsika m'mafakitale angapo aku Africa monga migodi, mankhwala, mafuta ndi mafoni.8 Kwa makampani akuchigawo awa, kugwirizanitsa mayiko ndi njira yopewera mpikisano wokulirapo kuchokera ku ma SOE akuluakulu apakati pamsika waku China, koma kulowa m'misika yatsopano yakunja ndi njira yokulitsira bizinesi yawo.Mabizinesi aboma nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito modziyimira pawokha, popanda kulinganiza kulikonse komwe Beijing adalamula.9
Palinso zisudzo zina zofunika.Kuphatikiza pa mabizinesi aboma aku China m'chigawo chapakati ndi zigawo, maukonde akulu amabizinesi aku China amagwiranso ntchito ku Africa kudzera m'mabungwe apakati kapena osakhazikika.Ku West Africa, ambiri adapangidwa kudera lonselo, ndi ena ambiri m'maiko monga Ghana, Mali, Nigeria ndi Senegal.10 Makampani azinsinsi aku China awa akugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazamalonda pakati pa China ndi Africa.Mosasamala za kukula kwamakampani omwe akukhudzidwa, kuwunika ndi ndemanga zambiri zimakonda kuwonetsa udindo wa osewera aku Chinawa, kuphatikiza makampani apadera.Komabe, mabungwe azinsinsi aku Africa akukulitsanso mgwirizano wamalonda pakati pa mayiko awo ndi China.
Katundu waku China, makamaka nsalu, mipando ndi katundu wogula, amapezeka paliponse m'misika yakumidzi yaku Africa ndi kumidzi.Popeza dziko la China lakhala bwenzi lalikulu kwambiri lazamalonda ku Africa, gawo la msika la zinthuzi laposa pang'ono la zinthu zofananira m'maiko a Kumadzulo.khumi ndi chimodzi
Atsogoleri amalonda aku Africa akuthandizira kwambiri pakugawa katundu wa China ku Africa.Monga otumiza kunja ndi ogulitsa m'magawo onse ofunikira, amapereka zinthu izi kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana a China ndi Hong Kong, kenako kudzera ku Cotonou (Benin), Lomé (Togo), Dakar (ku Senegal) ndi Accra (ku Ghana), ndi zina zotero.
Chochitika ichi chikugwirizana ndi mbiri yakale.M'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970, mayiko ena a ku West Africa atalandira ufulu wodzilamulira adakhazikitsa ubale waukazembe ndi People's Republic of China motsogozedwa ndi chipani cha Communist, ndipo katundu waku China adalowa mdzikolo pomwe ntchito yachitukuko ya Beijing idayamba.Katunduyu akhala akugulitsidwa kwanthawi yayitali m'misika yam'deralo ndipo ndalama zomwe amapeza zimasinthidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito zachitukuko m'deralo.13
Koma kupatula mabizinesi aku Africa, anthu ena omwe si aboma aku Africa akutenga nawo gawo pazachuma izi, makamaka ophunzira.Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi 1980, pamene ubale waukazembe wa China ndi maboma a mayiko angapo a Kumadzulo kwa Africa unachititsa kuti ophunzira a ku Africa aziphunzira ku China, omaliza maphunzirowa a ku Africa akhazikitsa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono omwe amatumiza katundu wa China ku mayiko awo. kuti alipire kukwera kwa inflation..khumi ndi zinayi
Koma kukwera kwa katundu wa China kunja kwa chuma cha Africa kwakhudza kwambiri Africa yolankhula Chifalansa.Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa mtengo wa CFA franc wakumadzulo kwa Africa (omwe amadziwikanso kuti CFA franc), ndalama wamba yachigawo yomwe kale idalumikizidwa ku franc yaku France (yomwe tsopano ikulumikizidwa ku yuro).1994 Pambuyo pa kutsika kwa ndalama za Community franc ndi theka, mitengo ya katundu wogula ku Ulaya wotumizidwa kunja chifukwa cha kutsika kwa ndalama idakwera kaŵirikaŵiri, ndipo katundu wa ogula aku China adakhala wopikisana kwambiri.Amalonda 15 aku China ndi aku Africa, kuphatikiza makampani atsopano, adapindula ndi izi panthawiyi, ndikukulitsa ubale wamalonda pakati pa China ndi West Africa.Izi zikuthandizanso mabanja aku Africa kuti apatse ogula aku Africa zinthu zambiri zopangidwa ndi China.Pamapeto pake, izi zawonjezera kuchuluka kwa anthu ku West Africa masiku ano.
Kuwunika kwa ubale wamalonda pakati pa China ndi mayiko angapo a Kumadzulo kwa Africa kumasonyeza kuti amalonda a ku Africa akufunafuna msika wa katundu wochokera ku China, chifukwa amadziwa bwino misika yawo.Mohan ndi Lampert ananena kuti "amalonda aku Ghana ndi Nigeria akugwira nawo ntchito yolimbikitsa anthu aku China pogula zinthu zogula, komanso anzawo, antchito, ndi katundu wochokera ku China."m’maiko onsewa.Njira inanso yochepetsera ndalama ndi kulemba ganyu amisiri aku China kuti aziyang’anira kuyika zipangizo ndi kuphunzitsa amisiri a m’derali kuti azigwira ntchito, kusamalira ndi kukonza makinawa.Monga momwe wofufuza Mario Esteban adanenera, osewera ena aku Africa "akulembera anthu ogwira ntchito ku China ... kuti awonjezere zokolola ndikupereka katundu ndi ntchito zapamwamba."
Mwachitsanzo, amalonda a ku Nigeria ndi atsogoleri abizinesi atsegula sitolo ya Chinatown mumzinda wa Lagos kuti anthu ochokera ku China aone Nigeria ngati malo ochitira malonda.Malinga ndi a Mohan ndi Lampert, cholinga cha mgwirizanowu ndi "kuchita nawo mabizinesi aku China kuti atsegule mafakitale ku Lagos, kutero kukhazikitsa ntchito ndikuthandizira chitukuko cha zachuma."Kupita patsogolo.Mayiko ena akumadzulo kwa Africa kuphatikiza Benin.
Benin, dziko la anthu olankhula Chifalansa lomwe lili ndi anthu 12.1 miliyoni, likusonyeza bwino mmene malonda akuchulukirachulukira pakati pa China ndi West Africa.19 Dzikoli (lomwe kale linali Dahomey) lidalandira ufulu wodzilamulira kuchokera ku France mu 1960 ndipo kenako linagwedezeka pakati pa kuvomereza kovomerezeka kwa People's Republic of China ndi Republic of China (Taiwan) mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970.Benin idakhala People's Republic of China mu 1972 motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Mathieu Kerek, yemwe adakhazikitsa ulamuliro wankhanza wokhala ndi mawonekedwe achikomyunizimu ndi socialist.Anayesa kuphunzira kuchokera ku China ndikutsanzira zinthu zaku China kunyumba.
Ubale watsopanowu ndi China unatsegula msika wa Benin ku katundu wa China monga njinga za Phoenix ndi nsalu.Amalonda 20 aku China adayambitsa bungwe la Textile Industry Association mu 1985 mumzinda wa Lokosa ku Benin ndipo adalowa nawo kampaniyo.Amalonda a ku Benin amapitanso ku China kukagula zinthu zina, kuphatikizapo zoseweretsa ndi zozimitsa moto, ndikuzibweretsanso ku Benin.21 Mu 2000, pansi pa Kreku, China idalowa m'malo mwa France kukhala bwenzi lalikulu kwambiri la Benin.Ubale pakati pa Benin ndi China udayenda bwino mu 2004 pomwe China idalowa m'malo mwa EU, kulimbitsa utsogoleri wa China ngati mnzake wamkulu wamalonda mdzikolo (onani Tchati 1).makumi awiri ndimphambu ziwiri
Kuphatikiza pa kugwirizana kwambiri pazandale, malingaliro azachuma amathandizanso kufotokozera njira zowonjezera zamalondazi.Kutsika mtengo kwa katundu waku China kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zopangidwa ku China ziziwoneka bwino kwa amalonda aku Beninese ngakhale mtengo wokwera kwambiri, kuphatikiza kutumiza ndi mitengo yamitengo.23 China imapatsa amalonda aku Beninese zinthu zambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitengo ndipo imapereka ma visa ofulumira kwa amalonda aku Beninese, mosiyana ndi ku Europe komwe ma visa abizinesi kudera la Schengen ndi osavuta kwa amalonda aku Beninese (ndi ena aku Africa) Ovuta kupeza.24 Zotsatira zake, China yakhala gawo lokondedwa lamakampani ambiri aku Beninese.Ndipotu, malinga ndi kuyankhulana ndi amalonda a Benin ndi ophunzira omwe kale anali ophunzira ku China, kukhala kosavuta kuchita bizinesi ndi China kwathandizira kukula kwa mabungwe apadera ku Benin, kubweretsa anthu ambiri ku ntchito zachuma.25
Ophunzira a ku Benin nawonso akutenga nawo mbali, kutengera mwayi wopeza mosavuta ma visa a ophunzira, kuphunzira Chitchaina, ndikuchita ngati omasulira pakati pa amalonda aku Benin ndi achi China (kuphatikiza makampani opanga nsalu) pakati pa China ndi Benin kubwerera.Kukhalapo kwa omasulira a m’dziko la Benin amenewa kunathandiza kuti pang’ono ndi pang’ono achotse zopinga za chinenero zimene zimakhalapo kaŵirikaŵiri pakati pa mabizinesi achi China ndi akunja, kuphatikizapo ku Africa.Ophunzira a ku Benin akhala ngati mgwirizano pakati pa mabizinesi aku Africa ndi a China kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, pamene a Benine, makamaka apakati, anayamba kulandira maphunziro a maphunziro ku China pamlingo waukulu.26
Ophunzira amatha kutenga maudindo oterowo, mwa zina chifukwa ofesi ya kazembe wa Benin ku Beijing, mosiyana ndi Embassy ya ku China ku Benin, imakhala ndi akazembe ndi akatswiri aukadaulo omwe nthawi zambiri amayang'anira ndale komanso osachita nawo mgwirizano wamalonda.27 Zotsatira zake, ophunzira ambiri a ku Benin amalembedwa ntchito ndi mabizinesi akumaloko kuti apereke ntchito zomasulira ndi bizinesi ku Benin mwamwayi, monga kuzindikira ndi kuyesa mafakitale achi China, kuwongolera kuyendera malo, ndikuchita mosamala kwambiri zinthu zogulidwa ku China.Ophunzira aku Benin amapereka izi m'mizinda ingapo yaku China kuphatikiza Foshan, Guangzhou, Shantou, Shenzhen, Wenzhou, Xiamen ndi Yiwu, komwe mabizinesi ambiri aku Africa akuyang'ana chilichonse kuyambira panjinga zamoto, zamagetsi ndi zomangira mpaka maswiti ndi zoseweretsa.Opereka zinthu zosiyanasiyana.Kuphatikizika kwa ophunzira aku Beninese kwamanganso milatho pakati pa amalonda aku China ndi amalonda ena ochokera ku West ndi Central Africa, kuphatikiza Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria ndi Togo, malinga ndi ophunzira akale omwe adafunsidwa padera pa kafukufukuyu.
M’zaka za m’ma 1980 ndi m’ma 1990, mgwirizano wa malonda ndi malonda pakati pa China ndi Benin unakonzedwa makamaka m’njira ziwiri zofananira: maubale a boma ndi okhazikika m’boma komanso maubwenzi osagwirizana ndi malonda ndi mabizinesi kapena mabizinesi ndi ogula.Ofunsidwa ku Benin National Council of Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Beninois) adanena kuti makampani a Benin omwe sanalembetsedwe ndi Benin Chamber of Commerce and Industry apindula kwambiri ndi kukula kwa ubale ndi China kupyolera mu kugula mwachindunji zipangizo zomangira ndi katundu wina.29 Ubale watsopanowu pakati pa gawo lazamalonda la Benin ndi osewera aku China omwe adakhazikitsidwa wakhala ukukula kuyambira pomwe China idayamba kuthandizira mapulojekiti akuluakulu azamaboma ku likulu lazachuma la Benin, Cotonou.Kutchuka kwa ntchito zomanga zazikuluzikuluzi (nyumba za boma, malo a msonkhano, ndi zina zotero) zawonjezera chidwi cha makampani a Beninese pogula zipangizo zomangira kuchokera kwa ogulitsa aku China.makumi atatu
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 ku West Africa, malonda osakhazikika komanso osakhazikikawa adathandizidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo azamalonda aku China, kuphatikiza ku Benin.Malo azamalonda oyambitsidwa ndi amalonda akumeneko ayambanso m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya mayiko ena akumadzulo kwa Africa monga Nigeria.Mabungwewa athandiza mabanja ndi mabizinesi aku Africa kukulitsa luso lawo logula zinthu zaku China mochulukira ndipo athandiza maboma ena aku Africa kulinganiza bwino ndikuwongolera maubwenzi azamalonda, omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi ubale wachuma ndi ukazembe.
Benin ndi chimodzimodzi.Adapanganso mabungwe atsopano kuti akonzekere bwino ndikuwongolera ubale wamabizinesi ndi China.Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri ndi Center Chinois de Développement Economique et Commercial au Benin, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2008 m'chigawo chachikulu chamalonda cha Gancy, Cotonou, pafupi ndi doko.Malowa, omwe amadziwikanso kuti China Business Center Benin Center, adakhazikitsidwa ngati gawo la mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko awiriwa.
Ngakhale kuti ntchito yomanga sinamalizidwe mpaka 2008, zaka khumi zapitazo, pautsogoleri wa Krekou, pangano loyamba la mgwirizano lidasainidwa ku Beijing mu Januwale 1998, kutchula cholinga chokhazikitsa likulu la bizinesi la China ku Benin.31 Cholinga chachikulu cha Center ndikulimbikitsa mgwirizano pazachuma ndi bizinesi pakati pa mabungwe aku China ndi Benin.Malowa amamangidwa pamtunda wa 9700 square metres ndipo ndi malo a 4000 square metres.Ndalama zomanga za US $ 6.3 miliyoni zidaperekedwa ndi ndalama zophatikizika zomwe boma la China komanso zigawo za Teams International ku Ningbo, Zhejiang.Ponseponse, 60% yandalama imachokera ku thandizo, ndipo 40% yotsalayo imathandizidwa ndi magulu apadziko lonse lapansi.32 Center inakhazikitsidwa pansi pa mgwirizano wa Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) womwe unaphatikizapo kubwereketsa kwa zaka 50 kuchokera ku Boma la Benin lomwe linagwiridwa ndi Teams International, pambuyo pake zomangamanga zidzasamutsidwa ku Benin.33
Poyambilira ndi nthumwi ya ofesi ya kazembe waku China ku Benin, ntchitoyi idapangidwa kuti ikhale malo oyambira mabizinesi aku Benin omwe akufuna kuchita bizinesi ndi China.34 Malingana ndi iwo, malo amalonda adzapatsa oimira makampani a Beninese ndi China ndi nsanja yapakati yowonjezera malonda, zomwe pamapeto pake zingapangitse kuti malonda osadziwika bwino alembedwe mwalamulo ndi Bungwe la Zamalonda ndi Zamalonda ku Beninese.Koma kuwonjezera pa kukhala malo ochitira bizinesi amodzi, likulu la bizinesi likhalanso ngati cholumikizira pazolimbikitsa zamalonda ndi chitukuko cha bizinesi.Cholinga chake ndi kulimbikitsa ndalama, kuitanitsa, kutumiza kunja, kutumiza ndi kugulitsa zinthu, kukonza ziwonetsero ndi ziwonetsero zamabizinesi apadziko lonse lapansi, malo osungiramo zinthu zaku China, ndikulangiza makampani aku China omwe akufuna kuyitanitsa ntchito zamatawuni, mabizinesi aulimi ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito.
Koma ngakhale wosewera waku China mwina adabwera ndi malo azamalonda, simathero a nkhaniyi.Zokambirana zidatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe amayembekezera pomwe wosewera waku Beninese amayembekezera, adadzipangira yekha ndikukankhira mapangano ovuta omwe osewera aku China adayenera kusintha.Maulendo a m'munda, kuyankhulana ndi zolemba zazikulu zamkati zimakhazikitsa njira zokambitsirana ndi momwe akuluakulu a boma la Benin angagwiritsire ntchito ngati proxies ndi kukopa ochita masewera achi China kuti agwirizane ndi miyambo ya m'deralo ndi malamulo amalonda, chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa dzikoli ndi China wamphamvu.35
Mgwirizano wa Sino-Africa nthawi zambiri umadziwika ndi kukambirana mofulumira, kumaliza ndi kukhazikitsa mgwirizano.Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti ndondomeko yofulumirayi yachititsa kuti kutsika kwabwino kwa zomangamanga.36 Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zokambirana za ku Benin za China Business Center ku Cotonou zinasonyeza kuti gulu la akuluakulu ogwirizana ndi mautumiki osiyanasiyana lingathe kukwaniritsa.Izi zili choncho makamaka pamene akukankhira nkhanizo poumirira kuti zichepe.Kambiranani ndi oimira m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana aboma, perekani mayankho opangira zida zapamwamba kwambiri ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikutsatira malamulo am'deralo, ntchito, zachilengedwe ndi bizinesi.
Mu April 2000, nthumwi ya ku China yochokera ku Ningbo inafika ku Benin ndi kukhazikitsa ofesi ya ntchito yomanga.Maphwando adayamba kukambirana koyambirira.Mbali ya Benin ili ndi nthumwi zochokera ku Bungwe la Zomangamanga la Unduna wa Zachilengedwe, Nyumba ndi Mapulani a Mizinda (omwe adasankhidwa kuti atsogolere gulu lokonzekera mizinda la boma la Benin), Unduna wa Zachilendo, Unduna wa Zopanga ndi Chitukuko, Unduna wa Zachuma ndi Malonda ndi Unduna wa Zachuma ndi Zachuma.Otenga nawo gawo pazokambirana ndi China akuphatikizapo kazembe waku China ku Benin, mkulu wa bungwe la Ningbo Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Bureau, komanso oimira gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi.37 Mu March 2002, nthumwi ina ya Ningbo inafika ku Benin ndipo inasaina kalata ndi Unduna wa Zamakampani ku Benin.Bizinesi: Chikalatacho chikuwonetsa komwe kuli likulu la bizinesi lamtsogolo.38 Mu Epulo 2004, Nduna ya Zamalonda ndi Zamakampani ku Benin adayendera Ningbo ndikusaina chikumbutso chomvetsetsa, kuyambira gawo lotsatira la zokambirana.39
Pambuyo pa zokambirana zovomerezeka za likulu la bizinesi, okambirana a ku China adapereka mgwirizano wa BOT ku boma la Benin mu February 2006. 40 Koma kuyang'anitsitsa ndondomeko yoyambirirayi kukuwonetsa.Kusanthula malemba a kulemba koyamba kumeneku (mu French) kukuwonetsa kuti malo oyamba a okambirana aku China (omwe mbali ya Beninese idayesa kusintha) anali ndi zosagwirizana ndi zomanga, kugwira ntchito ndi kusamutsidwa kwa bizinesi yaku China, komanso zokhuza chisamaliro chapadera ndi zolimbikitsa za msonkho.41
Ndikoyenera kuzindikira mfundo zingapo zokhudzana ndi gawo lomanga mu ntchito yoyamba.Ena adzafunsa Benin kuti apereke "malipiro" ena osanena kuti ndalamazo ndi zingati.42 Mbali ya ku China inapemphanso "kusintha" kwa malipiro a ogwira ntchito ku Beninese ndi a China mu polojekitiyi, koma sanatchule kuchuluka kwa kusintha. kafukufuku amachitidwa ndi mbali yaku China kokha, ndikuzindikira kuti oimira mabungwe a Research Bureau (maofesi a kafukufuku) amachita maphunziro okhudza zotsatira.44 Mawu osadziwika bwino a mgwirizano alibenso ndondomeko ya gawo la ntchito yomanga.Mwachitsanzo, ndime ina inanena kuti "China ipereka ndemanga potengera zotsatira za maphunziro aukadaulo", koma sanatchule nthawi yomwe izi zichitike.45 Momwemonso, zolemba zolembera sizikunena za chitetezo kwa ogwira ntchito aku Benin.
Mu gawo lokonzekera ntchito zapakati, pakati pa zomwe zaperekedwa ndi mbali yaku China, palinso zofunikira komanso zosadziwika bwino.Okambirana ku China adafuna kuti ochita bizinesi aku China omwe amagwira ntchito m'malo abizinesi aloledwe kugulitsa zinthu zogulitsa komanso zogulitsa osati pakatikati pawokha, komanso m'misika yaku Benin.46 Chofunikirachi chikutsutsana ndi zolinga zoyambirira za Center.Mabizinesiwa amapereka zinthu zambiri zomwe mabizinesi aku Benin angagule kuchokera ku China ndikugulitsa kwambiri ngati malonda ku Benin komanso ku West Africa konse.47 Pansi paziganizozi, likululo lidzalolanso maphwando aku China kuti apereke "ntchito zina zamalonda," popanda kufotokoza zomwe.48
Zina zomwe zidalembedwa m'chikalata choyamba zinalinso zosagwirizana.Zolembazo zikupereka, popanda kufotokoza tanthauzo la makonzedwewo, kuti anthu ogwira nawo ntchito ku Benin saloledwa kuchita "chosankha chilichonse chotsutsana ndi Center", koma zofunikira zake zikuwoneka kuti zimalola kulingalira kwakukulu, kutanthauza "kuchuluka kwambiri".Yesetsani kupereka ntchito kwa anthu okhala ku Benin, koma sanafotokoze mwatsatanetsatane momwe izi zikachitikire.49
Maphwando aku China omwe akuchita nawo makontrakitala apanganso zofunikira kuti asaloledwe.Ndimeyi ikufuna kuti "Chipani cha Benin sichidzalola chipani china cha ndale cha China kapena dziko laling'ono (West Africa) kukhazikitsa malo ofanana mumzinda wa Cotonou kwa zaka 30 kuyambira tsiku lomwe likululo linayamba kugwira ntchito."50 ili ndi mawu okayikitsa omwe amawonetsa momwe akukambirana aku China akuyesa kuletsa mpikisano kuchokera kwa osewera ena akunja ndi aku China.Kupatula kotereku kukuwonetsa momwe makampani akuchigawo cha China amayesa kupikisana ndi makampani ena, kuphatikiza makampani ena aku China51, popeza mwayi wochita bizinesi yokhayokha.
Monga momwe zimakhalira pomanga ndi kugwiritsira ntchito Center, zikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kusamutsidwa kwa polojekitiyi ku Benin kumayang'aniridwa ndi Benin zimafuna kuti Benin ikhale ndi ndalama zonse zokhudzana ndi ndalama, kuphatikizapo malipiro a maloya ndi ndalama zina.52
Mgwirizanowu ukuphatikizanso ndime zingapo zomwe China idaperekedwa pazachithandizo chapadera.Mwachitsanzo, gawo limodzi linafuna kupeza malo kunja kwa mzinda wa Cotonou, wotchedwa Gboje, kuti amange nyumba zosungiramo katundu zamakampani aku China ogwirizana ndi msikawo kuti asunge zinthu.53 Okambirana a ku China adafunanso kuti ogwira ntchito ku China avomerezedwe.54 Ngati okambirana a ku Benin avomereza ndimeyi ndikusintha maganizo awo, Benin adzakakamizika kubwezera a China chifukwa cha zotayika.
Pakati pa tariff ndi zopindulitsa zomwe zimaperekedwa, okambirana aku China akufunanso mawu ocheperako kuposa omwe amaloledwa ndi malamulo adziko la Benin, akufuna kuperekedwa kwa magalimoto, maphunziro, zisindikizo zolembetsa, chindapusa chowongolera ndi ntchito zaukadaulo, komanso malipiro a Benin.Ogwira ntchito aku China komanso ochita bizinesi.55 Okambirana ku China adafunanso kuti asapereke msonkho pa phindu lamakampani aku China omwe amagwira ntchito pamalowo, mpaka padenga losadziwika bwino, zida zokonzetsera ndi kukonza malowo, komanso ntchito zotsatsa komanso zotsatsa kuti zilimbikitse ntchito zapakati.56
Monga momwe izi zikusonyezera, okambirana aku China adafunsa zingapo, nthawi zambiri m'mawu osadziwika bwino, pofuna kukulitsa malo awo okambilana.
Atalandira mapangano olembedwa kuchokera kwa anzawo aku China, okambirana nawo a Beninese adayambitsanso kafukufuku wozama komanso wogwira ntchito wamagulu ambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu.Mu 2006, adaganiza zosankha maunduna omwe akuyimira boma la Benin kuti awonenso ndikusintha mapangano a zomangamanga m'matauni ndikuwunikanso zomwe zachitikazo mogwirizana ndi maunduna ena ofunikira.57 Pa mgwirizanowu, unduna waukulu wa Benin womwe ukugwira nawo ntchito ndi Unduna wa Zachilengedwe, Habitat ndi Urban Planning ngati malo owunikiranso ma contract ndi mautumiki ena.
Mu Marichi 2006, Unduna udakonza msonkhano ku Lokossa, kuitana maunduna angapo58 kuti awonenso ndikukambirana za ntchitoyo, kuphatikiza Unduna wa Zamalonda ndi Zamakampani, Unduna wa Zantchito ndi Ntchito za Anthu, Unduna wa Zachilungamo ndi Malamulo, General Directorate of Economics and Finance, maudindo a bajeti Directorate General ndi Unduna wa Zamkati ndi Chitetezo cha Anthu.59 Poganizira kuti lamulo lokonzekera likhoza kukhudza mbali zonse za moyo wachuma ndi ndale ku Benin (kuphatikizapo zomangamanga, malo ochitira bizinesi ndi msonkho, ndi zina zotero), oimira unduna uliwonse ali ndi mwayi wowonanso zomwe zaperekedwa malinga ndi zomwe zilipo kale. m'magawo awo ndikuwunika mosamalitsa zomwe zaperekedwa ndi China Digiri yakutsatira malamulo am'deralo, malamulo ndi machitidwe.
Kubwerera kumeneku ku Lokas kumapatsa okambirana aku Beninese nthawi ndi mtunda kuchokera kwa anzawo aku China, komanso zovuta zilizonse zomwe angakhale nazo.Oimira Utumiki wa ku Beninese omwe analipo pamsonkhanowo adakonza zosintha zingapo pa mgwirizano wokonzekera kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti zomwe mgwirizanowu ukugwirizana nazo zikugwirizana ndi malamulo ndi mfundo za ku Benin.Potengera luso la mautumiki onsewa, m'malo molola bungwe limodzi kuti lilamulire ndikulamula, akuluakulu a boma la Benin atha kukhalabe ogwirizana ndikukakamiza anzawo aku China kuti asinthe mogwirizana ndi gawo lotsatira la zokambirana.
Malinga ndi zokambirana za ku Beninese, ulendo wotsatira wa zokambirana ndi anzawo aku China mu April 2006 unatenga "masiku atatu usana ndi usiku" mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo.Okambirana aku China 60 adanenetsa kuti malowa akhale malo ochitira malonda.(osati katundu wamba) koma Unduna wa Zamalonda ndi Zamalonda ku Benin udatsutsa izi ndikubwerezanso kuti ndizosavomerezeka mwalamulo.
Ponseponse, gulu la mayiko osiyanasiyana a Benin la akatswiri aboma lathandiza omwe akukambirana nawo kuti apereke kwa anzawo aku China mgwirizano watsopano womwe umagwirizana kwambiri ndi malamulo ndi malamulo a Benin.Mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wa boma la Benine zasokoneza zoyesayesa za China zogawikana ndi kulamulira mwa kusokoneza mbali zina za akuluakulu a boma la Beninese, kukakamiza anzawo aku China kuti agwirizane ndi kutsata miyambo ndi machitidwe a bizinesi.Okambirana ku Benin adalumikizana ndi zomwe purezidenti akufuna kukulitsa ubale wachuma ku Benin ndi China ndikukhazikitsa ubale pakati pamagulu azinsinsi amayiko awiriwa.Koma adakwanitsanso kuteteza msika waku Benin ku kusefukira kwa zinthu zaku China.Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa mpikisano waukulu pakati pa opanga malonda a m'deralo ndi opikisana nawo aku China wayamba kutsutsa malonda ndi China kuchokera kwa amalonda aku Beninese omwe amagwira ntchito m'misika yayikulu monga Duntop Market, imodzi mwa misika yotseguka ya West Africa.61
Kubwereraku kumagwirizanitsa boma la Benin ndikuthandiza akuluakulu aku Benin kuti azitha kukambirana zomwe China idayenera kusintha.Zokambiranazi zimathandizira kuwonetsa momwe dziko laling'ono lingakambirane ndi mphamvu yayikulu ngati China ngati zikugwirizana bwino ndikuphedwa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-18-2022